How Effective Are Monetary Incentives to Vote? Evidence from a Nationwide Policy

We study voters’ response to marginal changes the fine for electoral abstention in Peru, leveraging variation from a nationwide reform. A smaller has robust, negative effect on voter turnout, partly through irregular registration. However, representation is largely unaffected, as most of lost votes are blank or invalid. also show that an exemption compulsory voting substantially larger than full reduction, suggesting nonmonetary incentives main drivers behind effectiveness voting. (JEL D72, K16, O17)